US3899144A - Powder contrail generation - Google Patents

Powder contrail generation Download PDF

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US3899144A
US3899144A US490610A US49061074A US3899144A US 3899144 A US3899144 A US 3899144A US 490610 A US490610 A US 490610A US 49061074 A US49061074 A US 49061074A US 3899144 A US3899144 A US 3899144A
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powder
contrail
particles
deagglomeration
powder particles
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Donald K Werle
Romas Kasparas
Sidney Katz
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US Department of Navy
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41J—TARGETS; TARGET RANGES; BULLET CATCHERS
    • F41J9/00—Moving targets, i.e. moving when fired at
    • F41J9/08—Airborne targets, e.g. drones, kites, balloons
    • F41J9/10—Airborne targets, e.g. drones, kites, balloons towed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENTS OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D1/00—Dropping, ejecting, releasing, or receiving articles, liquids, or the like, in flight
    • B64D1/16—Dropping or releasing powdered, liquid, or gaseous matter, e.g. for fire-fighting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H9/00—Equipment for attack or defence by spreading flame, gas or smoke or leurres; Chemical warfare equipment
    • F41H9/06—Apparatus for generating artificial fog or smoke screens
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F42B12/46—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances
    • F42B12/48—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing gases, vapours, powders or chemically-reactive substances smoke-producing, e.g. infrared clouds

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [51] Int. C1. B64D 1/16 58 Field of Search 244/136; 40/213; 241/5, L'ght scatteflfig P f Powder F Surface l R, R, treated to minimize lnterpartlcle CoheSlVe forces, are 1 14 F, H 4 N, 124 R, 124 B, 124 C dispensed from a jet mill deagglomerator as separate single particles to produce a powder contrail having [56] References Cited maximum visibility or radiation scattering ability for a UNITED STATES PATENTS give weight material 1,619,183 3/1927 Bradner et a1. 7.
  • An earlier known method in use for contrail generation involves oil smoke trails produced by injecting liq- SUMMARY
  • the present invention is for a powder generator requiring no heat source to emit a contrail with sufficient visibility to aid in visual acquisition of an aircraft target vehicle and the like.
  • the term contrail? was adopted for convenience in identifying the visible powder trail of this invention.
  • Aircraft target vehicles are used to simulate aerial threats for missile tests and often fly at altitudes between 5,000 and 20,000 feet at speeds of 300 and 400 knots or more.
  • the present invention is also suitable for use in other aircraft vehicles to generate contrails or reflective screens for any desired purpose.
  • the powder contail generator is normally carried on an aircraft in a pod containing a ram air tube and powder feed hopper. Powder particles, surface treated to minimize interparticle cohesive forces are fed from the hopper to a deagglomerator and then to the ram air tube for dispensing as separate single particles to produce a contrail having maximum visibility for a given weight material.
  • DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING P16. 1 is a schematic sectional side-view of a powder contrail generator of the present invention.
  • the powder contail generator in pod 10, shown in FIG. 1, is provided with a powder feed hopper l2 positioned in the center section of the pod and which feeds a powder 13 to a deagglomerator 14 by means of screw conveyors 16 across the bottom of the hopper.
  • the deagglomerator 14 produces two stages of action. In the first stage of deagglomeration, a shaft 18 having projecting radial rods 19 in compartment 20 is rotated by an air motor 21, or other suitable drive means. The shaft 18 is rotated at about 10,000 rpm, for example.
  • a plurality of radial jets 24 (e.g., six 0.050 inch diamter radial jets) direct nitrogen gas (at e.g., 120 psig) inward to provide energy for further deagglomeration of the powder.
  • the N or other suitable gas is provided from storage tanks 25 and 26, for example, in the pod.
  • the jet mill 22 operates in a similar manner to commercial fluid energy mills except that there is no provision for recirculation of oversize particles.
  • Tests with the deagglomerator show that at a feed rate of approximately 1 /2 lb/min, treated titanium dioxide powder pigment is effectively dispersed as single particles with very few agglomerates evident.
  • the nitrogen gas stored in cylinder tanks 25 and 26 is charged to 1800 psig, for example.
  • a solenoid valve 30 on the 120 psig line is connected in parallel with the electric motor 32 which operates the powder feeder screws 16 for simultaneous starting and running of the powder feed, the air motor and the jet mill deagglomerator.
  • an upstream deflector baffle 38 At the deagglomerator exhaust 36 into ram air tube 34, an upstream deflector baffle 38 produces a venturi effect which minimizes back pressure on the powder feed system.
  • the powder is then jetted from the exhaust end 40 of the ram air tube to produce a contrail.
  • a pressure equalization tube can be used to connect the top of the closed hopper 12 to the deagglomeration chamber 14.
  • a butterfly valve could be provided at the powder'hopper outlet 39 to completely isolate and sealoff the powder supply when not in use. Powder 13 could then be stored in hopper 12 for several weeks, without danger of picking up excessive moisture, and still be adequately dispensed.
  • j v V i Preparation of the light scatter powder 13 is of a critical importance to production of a powder contrail having maximum visibility for a given weightof material. It is essential that the pigment powder particles be dispensed as separate single particles rather than as agglomerates of two or more particles. The powder treat ment produces the I most easily dispersed powder through the use of surface treatments which minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
  • Titanium dioxide pigment was selected as the primary light scattering material because of its highly efficient light scattering ability and commercially available pigment grades. Titanium dioxide pigment (e.g., Du- Pont R93 l with a median particle size of about 0.3 has a high bulk density and is not readily aerosolizable as a submicron cloud without the consumption of a large amount of deagglomeration energy. In order to reduce the energy requirement for deagglomeration, the TiO powder is specially treated with a hydrophobic colloidal silica which coats and separates the individual TiO pigment particles.
  • a hydrophobic colloidal silica which coats and separates the individual TiO pigment particles.
  • the extremely fine particulate nature (0.007;; primary particle size) of Cobot S l 01 Silanox grade, for example, of colloidal silica minimizes the amount needed to coat and separate the TiO particles, and the hydrophobic surface minimizes the affinity of the powder for absorbtion of moisture from the atmosphere. Adsorbed moisture in powders causes liquid bridges at interparticle contacts and it then becomes necessary to overcome the adsorbed-liquid surface tension forces as well as the weaker Van der Waals forces before the particles can be separated.
  • the Silanox treated titanium dioxide pigment is further protected from the deleterious effects of adsorbed moisture by incorporation of silica gel.
  • the silica gel preferentially adsorbs water vapor that the powder may be exposed to after drying and before use.
  • the silica gel used is a powder product, such as Syloid 65 from the W. R Grace and Co., Davison Chemical Division, and has an average particle size about 4.5 .1. and a large capacity for moisture at low humidities.
  • a typical powder composition used is shown in Table 1. This formulation was blended intimately with a Patterson-Kelley Co. twin shell dry LB-model LB2l6l with intensifier. Batches of 1500 g were blended for 15 min. each and packaged in -lb cans. The bulk density of the blended powder is 0.22 g/cc. Since deagglomeration is facilitated by having the powder bone dry, the powder should be predried before sealing the cans. In view of long periods (e.g., about 4 months) between powder preparation and use it is found preferable to spread the powder in a thin layer in an open container and place in a 400F over two days before planned usage. The powder is removed and placed in the hopper about 2 hours before use.
  • Silica gel e.g., Syloid 65
  • average particle size 4.5 1.
  • Contrail generation apparatus for producing a powder Contrail having maximum radiation scattering ability for a given weight material, comprising:
  • a jet tube means passing through said housing, said tube means having an inlet at a forward end of said housing and an exhaust at a rearward end thereof;
  • said deagglomerator means comprises:
  • a jet mill means to further deagglomerate the powder into separate particles.
  • said radiation scattering powder particles are titanium dioxide pigment having a median particle size of about 0.3 microns.
  • Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the formulation of said powder consists of by weight of TiO pigment of approximately 0.3 micron media particle size, 10% by weight of colloidal silica of 0.007 micron primary particle size, and 5% by weight of silica gel having an average particle size of 4.5 microns.

Abstract

Light scattering pigment powder particles, surface treated to minimize interparticle cohesive forces, are dispensed from a jet mill deagglomerator as separate single particles to produce a powder contrail having maximum visibility or radiation scattering ability for a given weight material.

Description

United States Patent Werle et al.
[ Aug. 12, 1975 POWDER CONTRAIL GENERATION 2,045,865 6/1936 Morey 1 40/213 2,591,988 4/1952 Wlllcox 241/5 X [751 mentors: Donald w f flllsfde; Rmas 3,531,310 9 1970 Goodspeed et a1... 241 5 x Efip fi g gi sldney Rl5,771 2 1924 Savage 40/213 icago, a o [73] Assignee: The United States of America as FOREIGN PATENTS B APPLICATIONS represented the Secretary of the United Kingdom Navy, Washington, DC. Primary ExaminerTrygve M1 Blix [22] Filed July 1974 Assistant ExaminerBarry L. Kelmachter [21] Appl. N0.: 490,610 Attorney, Agent, or FirmRichard S. Sciascia; Joseph M. St. Amand [52] US. Cl. 244/136; 40/213; 116/114 F;
241/5 [57] ABSTRACT [51] Int. C1. B64D 1/16 58 Field of Search 244/136; 40/213; 241/5, L'ght scatteflfig P f Powder F Surface l R, R, treated to minimize lnterpartlcle CoheSlVe forces, are 1 14 F, H 4 N, 124 R, 124 B, 124 C dispensed from a jet mill deagglomerator as separate single particles to produce a powder contrail having [56] References Cited maximum visibility or radiation scattering ability for a UNITED STATES PATENTS give weight material 1,619,183 3/1927 Bradner et a1. 7. 244/136 12 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure FLIGHT DIRECTION POWDER HOPPER 2 TANK 22 MOTOR TA N K V CONTRAIL 35 N FILL VALVE MAIN TUBE DEAGGLOMERATOR (SUTLET as "VENTURI" PLATE 38 DEAGGLOMERATION CHAMBER /4 SOLENOID VALVE PATENTED Ant; 2 m5 ZOCbmEQ .PIOTE POWDER CONTRAIL GENERATION BACKGROUND The present invention relates to method and apparatus for contrail generation and the like.
An earlier known method in use for contrail generation involves oil smoke trails produced by injecting liq- SUMMARY The present invention is for a powder generator requiring no heat source to emit a contrail with sufficient visibility to aid in visual acquisition of an aircraft target vehicle and the like. The term contrail? was adopted for convenience in identifying the visible powder trail of this invention. Aircraft target vehicles are used to simulate aerial threats for missile tests and often fly at altitudes between 5,000 and 20,000 feet at speeds of 300 and 400 knots or more. The present invention is also suitable for use in other aircraft vehicles to generate contrails or reflective screens for any desired purpose.
The powder contail generator is normally carried on an aircraft in a pod containing a ram air tube and powder feed hopper. Powder particles, surface treated to minimize interparticle cohesive forces are fed from the hopper to a deagglomerator and then to the ram air tube for dispensing as separate single particles to produce a contrail having maximum visibility for a given weight material.
Other object, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING P16. 1 is a schematic sectional side-view of a powder contrail generator of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The powder contail generator in pod 10, shown in FIG. 1, is provided with a powder feed hopper l2 positioned in the center section of the pod and which feeds a powder 13 to a deagglomerator 14 by means of screw conveyors 16 across the bottom of the hopper. The deagglomerator 14 produces two stages of action. In the first stage of deagglomeration, a shaft 18 having projecting radial rods 19 in compartment 20 is rotated by an air motor 21, or other suitable drive means. The shaft 18 is rotated at about 10,000 rpm, for example. As powder 13 descends through the first stage compartment 20 of the deagglomeration chamber, the hammering action of rotating rods 19 serves to aerate and precondition the powder before the second stage of deagglomeration takes place in the jet mill section 22 In the jet mill 22, a plurality of radial jets 24 (e.g., six 0.050 inch diamter radial jets) direct nitrogen gas (at e.g., 120 psig) inward to provide energy for further deagglomeration of the powder. The N or other suitable gas, is provided from storage tanks 25 and 26, for example, in the pod.
The jet mill 22 operates in a similar manner to commercial fluid energy mills except that there is no provision for recirculation of oversize particles. Tests with the deagglomerator show that at a feed rate of approximately 1 /2 lb/min, treated titanium dioxide powder pigment is effectively dispersed as single particles with very few agglomerates evident.
The nitrogen gas stored in cylinder tanks 25 and 26 is charged to 1800 psig, for example. Two stages of pressure reduction, for example, by pressure reduction valves 28 and 29, bring the final delivery pressure at the radial jets 24 and to the air motor 21 to approximately psig. A solenoid valve 30 on the 120 psig line is connected in parallel with the electric motor 32 which operates the powder feeder screws 16 for simultaneous starting and running of the powder feed, the air motor and the jet mill deagglomerator.
Air enters ram air tube 34 at its entrance 35 and the exhaust from the jet mill deagglomerator passes directly into the ram air tube. At the deagglomerator exhaust 36 into ram air tube 34, an upstream deflector baffle 38 produces a venturi effect which minimizes back pressure on the powder feed system. The powder is then jetted from the exhaust end 40 of the ram air tube to produce a contrail. A pressure equalization tube, not shown, can be used to connect the top of the closed hopper 12 to the deagglomeration chamber 14.
A butterfly valve could be provided at the powder'hopper outlet 39 to completely isolate and sealoff the powder supply when not in use. Powder 13 could then be stored in hopper 12 for several weeks, without danger of picking up excessive moisture, and still be adequately dispensed. j v V i Preparation of the light scatter powder 13 is of a critical importance to production of a powder contrail having maximum visibility for a given weightof material. It is essential that the pigment powder particles be dispensed as separate single particles rather than as agglomerates of two or more particles. The powder treat ment produces the I most easily dispersed powder through the use of surface treatments which minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
Titanium dioxide pigment was selected as the primary light scattering material because of its highly efficient light scattering ability and commercially available pigment grades. Titanium dioxide pigment (e.g., Du- Pont R93 l with a median particle size of about 0.3 has a high bulk density and is not readily aerosolizable as a submicron cloud without the consumption of a large amount of deagglomeration energy. In order to reduce the energy requirement for deagglomeration, the TiO powder is specially treated with a hydrophobic colloidal silica which coats and separates the individual TiO pigment particles. The extremely fine particulate nature (0.007;; primary particle size) of Cobot S l 01 Silanox grade, for example, of colloidal silica minimizes the amount needed to coat and separate the TiO particles, and the hydrophobic surface minimizes the affinity of the powder for absorbtion of moisture from the atmosphere. Adsorbed moisture in powders causes liquid bridges at interparticle contacts and it then becomes necessary to overcome the adsorbed-liquid surface tension forces as well as the weaker Van der Waals forces before the particles can be separated.
The Silanox treated titanium dioxide pigment is further protected from the deleterious effects of adsorbed moisture by incorporation of silica gel. The silica gel preferentially adsorbs water vapor that the powder may be exposed to after drying and before use. The silica gel used is a powder product, such as Syloid 65 from the W. R Grace and Co., Davison Chemical Division, and has an average particle size about 4.5 .1. and a large capacity for moisture at low humidities.
A typical powder composition used is shown in Table 1. This formulation was blended intimately with a Patterson-Kelley Co. twin shell dry LB-model LB2l6l with intensifier. Batches of 1500 g were blended for 15 min. each and packaged in -lb cans. The bulk density of the blended powder is 0.22 g/cc. Since deagglomeration is facilitated by having the powder bone dry, the powder should be predried before sealing the cans. In view of long periods (e.g., about 4 months) between powder preparation and use it is found preferable to spread the powder in a thin layer in an open container and place in a 400F over two days before planned usage. The powder is removed and placed in the hopper about 2 hours before use.
primary particle size 0.007;]. Silica gel (e.g., Syloid 65) 5 average particle size 4.5 1.
7 Other type powder compositions can also be used with the apparatus described herein. For example, various powder particles which reflect electromagnetic radiation can be dispensed as a chaff or the like from the contrail generator.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claim is:
1. Contrail generation apparatus for producing a powder Contrail having maximum radiation scattering ability for a given weight material, comprising:
a. an aerodynamic housing;
b. a jet tube means passing through said housing, said tube means having an inlet at a forward end of said housing and an exhaust at a rearward end thereof;
0. a powder storage means in said housing;
d. a deagglomeration means also in said housing;
e. means connecting said powder storage means with said deagglomeration means for feeding radiation scattering powder from said powder storage means to said deagglomeration means;
f. the output of said deagglomeration means dispensing directly into said jet tube means for exhausting deagglomerated powder particles into the atmosphere to form a contrail; and
h. means for controlling the flow of said powder from said storage means to said deagglomeration means.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said jet tube means is a ram air jet tube.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein an upstream deflector baffle is provided at the output of said deagglomeration means into said jet tube means to produce a venturi effect for minimizing back pressure on said powder feeding means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said deagglomerator means comprises:
a. means for subjecting powder particles from said powder storage means to a hammering action to aerate and precondition the powder; and
b. a jet mill means to further deagglomerate the powder into separate particles.
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein pressurized gas means is provided for operating said deagglomeration means.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles are titanium dioxide pigment having a median particle size of about 0.3 microns. I
7. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles have a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica thereon to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
8. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the formulation of said powder consists of by weight of TiO pigment of approximately 0.3 micron media particle size, 10% by weight of colloidal silica of 0.007 micron primary particle size, and 5% by weight of silica gel having an average particle size of 4.5 microns.
9. The method of producing a light radiation scattering contrail, comprising:
a. surface treating light scattering powder particles to minimize interparticle cohesive forces;
b. deagglomerating said powder particles in two stages prior to dispensing into a jet tube by subjecting said powder particles to a hammering action in the first stage to aerate and precondition the powder, and by passing said powder through a jet mill in the second stage to further deagglomerate the powder;
c. dispensing the deagglomerated powder from the jet mill directly into a jet tube for exhausting said powder into the atmosphere, thus forming a contrail.
10. A method as in claim 9 wherein said light scattering powder particles is titanium dioxide pigment.
l l. A method as in claim 9 wherein said powder particles are treated with a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica to minimize interparticle cohesive. forces.
12. A method as in claim 11 wherein said treated powder particles are further protected with a silica gel powder.

Claims (12)

1. Contrail generation apparatus for producing a powder contrail having maximum radiation scattering ability for a given weight material, comprising: a. an aerodynamic housing; b. a jet tube means passing through said housing, said tube means having an inlet at a forward end of said housing and an exhaust at a rearward end thereof; c. a powder storage means in said housing; d. a deagglomeration means also in said housing; e. means connecting said powder storage means with said deagglomeration means for feeding radiation scattering powder from said powder storage means to said deagglomeration means; f. the output of said deagglomeration means dispensing directly into said jet tube means for exhausting deagglomerated powder particles into the atmosphere to form a contrail; and h. means for controlling the flow of said powder from said storage means to said deagglomeration means.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said jet tube means is a ram air jet tube.
3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein an upstream deflector baffle is provided at the output of said deagglomeration means into said jet tube means to produce a venturi effect for minimizing back pressure on said powder feeding means.
4. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said deagglomerator means comprises: a. means for subjecting powder particles from said powder storage means to a hammering action to aerate and precondition the powder; and b. a jet mill means to further deagglomerate the powder into separate particles.
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein pressurized gas means is provided for operating said deagglomeration means.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiation scattering powder particles are titanium dioxide pigment having a median particle size of about 0.3 microns.
7. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said radiatiOn scattering powder particles have a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica thereon to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
8. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein the formulation of said powder consists of 85% by weight of TiO2 pigment of approximately 0.3 micron media particle size, 10% by weight of colloidal silica of 0.007 micron primary particle size, and 5% by weight of silica gel having an average particle size of 4.5 microns.
9. The method of producing a light radiation scattering contrail, comprising: a. surface treating light scattering powder particles to minimize interparticle cohesive forces; b. deagglomerating said powder particles in two stages prior to dispensing into a jet tube by subjecting said powder particles to a hammering action in the first stage to aerate and precondition the powder, and by passing said powder through a jet mill in the second stage to further deagglomerate the powder; c. dispensing the deagglomerated powder from the jet mill directly into a jet tube for exhausting said powder into the atmosphere, thus forming a contrail.
10. A method as in claim 9 wherein said light scattering powder particles is titanium dioxide pigment.
11. A method as in claim 9 wherein said powder particles are treated with a coating of extremely fine hydrophobic colloidal silica to minimize interparticle cohesive forces.
12. A method as in claim 11 wherein said treated powder particles are further protected with a silica gel powder.
US490610A 1974-07-22 1974-07-22 Powder contrail generation Expired - Lifetime US3899144A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5186118A (en) * 1991-07-03 1993-02-16 Stinson Robert K Windage-gauging method and apparatus for hunters
US20040121003A1 (en) * 2002-12-19 2004-06-24 Acusphere, Inc. Methods for making pharmaceutical formulations comprising deagglomerated microparticles
CN101898637A (en) * 2010-06-17 2010-12-01 河海大学 Method for simulating chemical fireworks by utilizing aircraft to release electronic fireworks
WO2011073650A1 (en) * 2009-12-15 2011-06-23 Davidson Technology Limited Atmospheric delivery system

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1619183A (en) * 1925-05-08 1927-03-01 Donald B Bradner Process of producing smoke clouds from moving aircraft
US2045865A (en) * 1934-04-30 1936-06-30 Phillips Petroleum Co Skywriting apparatus
US2591988A (en) * 1950-09-14 1952-04-08 Du Pont Production of tio2 pigments
US3531310A (en) * 1967-05-29 1970-09-29 Ppg Industries Inc Production of improved metal oxide pigment

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1619183A (en) * 1925-05-08 1927-03-01 Donald B Bradner Process of producing smoke clouds from moving aircraft
US2045865A (en) * 1934-04-30 1936-06-30 Phillips Petroleum Co Skywriting apparatus
US2591988A (en) * 1950-09-14 1952-04-08 Du Pont Production of tio2 pigments
US3531310A (en) * 1967-05-29 1970-09-29 Ppg Industries Inc Production of improved metal oxide pigment

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5186118A (en) * 1991-07-03 1993-02-16 Stinson Robert K Windage-gauging method and apparatus for hunters
US20040121003A1 (en) * 2002-12-19 2004-06-24 Acusphere, Inc. Methods for making pharmaceutical formulations comprising deagglomerated microparticles
US20060093678A1 (en) * 2002-12-19 2006-05-04 Chickering Donald E Iii Methods for making pharmaceutical formulations comprising deagglomerated microparticles
US20060093677A1 (en) * 2002-12-19 2006-05-04 Chickering Donald E Iii Methods for making pharmaceutical formulations comprising deagglomerated microparticles
GB2487287A (en) * 2009-12-15 2012-07-18 Davidson Technology Ltd Aircraft for delivering sub-micron particles into the stratosphere
WO2011073650A1 (en) * 2009-12-15 2011-06-23 Davidson Technology Limited Atmospheric delivery system
GB2487289A (en) * 2009-12-15 2012-07-18 Davidson Technology Ltd A method of delivering particles into the Earth's stratosphere
GB2487627A (en) * 2009-12-15 2012-08-01 Davidson Technology Ltd Method of transporting solid particles having a refractive index greater than 1.4 into the atmosphere
CN102770014A (en) * 2009-12-15 2012-11-07 戴维森科技有限公司 Atmospheric delivery system
GB2487289B (en) * 2009-12-15 2013-03-13 Davidson Technology Ltd A method of influencing the global incident level of radiation
GB2476518B (en) * 2009-12-15 2013-04-24 Davidson Technology Ltd Atmospheric delivery system
GB2487287B (en) * 2009-12-15 2014-02-19 Davidson Technology Ltd Atmospheric delivery system
GB2487627B (en) * 2009-12-15 2014-08-13 Davidson Technology Ltd A method of delivering solid particles into the Earth's atmosphere
US9363954B2 (en) 2009-12-15 2016-06-14 Davidson Technology Limited Atmospheric delivery system
CN101898637A (en) * 2010-06-17 2010-12-01 河海大学 Method for simulating chemical fireworks by utilizing aircraft to release electronic fireworks

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