San Tommaso Moro Martire
22 giugno - Memoria Facoltativa
Dicono che tutti gli uccelli di Chelsea (all’epoca sobborgo rurale di Londra) scendano a sfamarsi nel suo tranquillo giardino. Un indice della sua fama di uomo sereno e accogliente. Thomas More (questo il nome inglese), figlio di magistrato, è via via avvocato famoso, amministratore di giustizia nella City, membro del Parlamento. Dalla moglie Jane Colt ha avuto tre figlie e un figlio; alla sua morte, si risposa con Alice Middleton. Ha imparato a Oxford l’amore per i classici antichi e lo condivide con Erasmo da Rotterdam, spesso ospite in casa sua. Scrive la vita dell’umanista italiano Giovanni Pico della Mirandola; ma sarà più famoso il suo dialogo Utopia, col disegno di una società ideale, governata dalla giustizia e dalla libertà. E’ un umanista che porta il cilicio, che studia i Padri della Chiesa e vive la fede con fermezza e gioia. Quando Lutero inizia la sua lotta contro Roma, il re Enrico VIII d’Inghilterra scrive un trattato in difesa della dottrina cattolica sui sacramenti, ricevendo lodi da papa Leone X e accuse da Lutero. A queste risponde Tommaso Moro, che Enrico stima per la cultura e l’integrità. Spesso lo consulta, gli affida missioni importanti all’estero. E nel 1529 lo nomina Lord Cancelliere, al vertice dell’ordinamento giudiziario. Un posto altissimo, ma pericoloso. Siamo infatti alla famosa crisi: Enrico ripudia Caterina d’Aragona (moglie e poi vedova di suo fratello Arturo), sposa Anna Bolena, e giunge poi a staccare da Roma la Chiesa inglese, di cui si proclama unico capo. Per Tommaso Moro, la fedeltà esige la sincerità assoluta col re: anche a costo di irritarlo, pur di non mentirgli. E così si comporta. La fede gli vieta di accettare quel divorzio e la supremazia del re nelle cose di fede. Lo pensa, lo dice, perde il posto e si lascia condannare a morte senza piegarsi. Incoraggia i familiari che lo visitano nella prigione della Torre di Londra e scrive cose bellissime in latino a un amico italiano che vive a Londra, il mercante lucchese Antonio Bonvisi: "Amico mio, più di ogni altro fedelissimo e dilettissimo... Cristo conservi sana la tua famiglia". Bonvisi gli manda in prigione cibi, vini e un abito nuovo per il giorno dell’esecuzione (ma non glielo lasceranno indossare). Davanti al patibolo, è cordiale anche col boia che dovrà decapitarlo: "Su, amico, fatti animo; ma guarda che ho il collo piuttosto corto", e gli regala una moneta d’oro. Poi, venuto il momento, dice alcune parole. "Poche", gli hanno raccomandato: e poche sono. Tommaso Moro invita a pregare per Enrico VIII, "e dichiarò che moriva da suddito fedele al re, ma innanzitutto a Dio". Quindici giorni prima, per le stesse ragioni, è stato decapitato il suo amico John Fisher, vescovo di Rochester, che sarà canonizzato insieme a lui da Pio XI nel 1931. Ora la Chiesa li ricorda entrambi nello stesso giorno. Autore: Domenico Agasso

le 22 juin Saint Thomas More Martyr (1487-1535)
Saint Thomas More naquit à Londres, le 7 février 1478. Son père remplissait la fonction de juge, dans la capitale. Thomas passa quelques-unes de ses premières années en qualité de page, au service du cardinal Morton, alors archevêque de Cantorbéry et chancelier d'Angleterre. A l'âge de quatorze ans, il alla étudier à Oxford où il fit de sérieuses études juridiques et suivit les conférences sur la Cité de Dieu, de saint Augustin.
En 1501, Thomas More était reçu avocat et élu membre du Parlement trois ans plus tard. Après quelques années de mariage, il perdit sa femme et demeura seul avec ses quatre enfants: trois filles et un fils. Il ne se remariera que beaucoup plus tard, avec une veuve. En père vigilant, il veillait à ce que Dieu restât le centre de la vie de ses enfants. Le soir, il récitait la prière avec eux; aux repas, une de ses filles lisait un passage de l'Ecriture Sainte et on discutait ensuite sur le texte en conversant gaiement. Jamais la science, ni la vertu, ne prirent un visage austère dans sa demeure; sa piété n'en était cependant pas moins profonde. Saint Thomas More entendait la messe tous les jours; en plus de ses prières du matin et du soir, il récitait les psaumes quotidiennement.
Sa valeur le fit nommer Maître des Requêtes et conseiller privé du roi. En 1529, Thomas More remplaça le défunt cardinal Wolsey dans la charge de Lord chancelier. Celui qui n'avait jamais recherché les honneurs ni désiré une haute situation se trouvait placé au sommet des dignités humaines. Les succès, pas plus que les afflictions, n'eurent de prise sur sa force de caractère.
Lorsque Henri VIII voulut divorcer pour épouser Anne Boleyn, et qu'il prétendit devant l'opposition formelle du pape, se proclamer chef de l'Eglise d'Angleterre, saint Thomas More blâma la conduite de son suzerain. Dès lors, les bonnes grâces du roi se changèrent en hostilité ouverte contre lui. Le roi le renvoya sans aucune ressource, car saint Thomas versait au fur à mesure tous ses revenus dans le sein des pauvres. Le jour où il apprit que ses granges avaient été incendiées, il écrivit à sa femme de rendre grâces à Dieu pour cette épreuve.
Le 12 avril 1554, l'ex-chancelier fut invité à prononcer le serment qui reconnaissait Anne Boleyn comme épouse légitime et rejetait l'autorité du pape. Saint Thomas rejeta noblement toute espèce de compromis avec sa conscience et refusa de donner son appui à l'adultère et au schisme. Après un second refus réitéré le 17 avril, on l'emprisonna à la Tour de Londres. Il vécut dans le recueillement et la prière durant les quatorze mois de son injuste incarcération.
Comme il avait fait de toute sa vie une préparation à l'éternité, la sérénité ne le quittait jamais. Il avoua bonnement: «Il me semble que Dieu fait de moi Son jouet et qu'Il me berce.» L'épreuve de la maladie s'ajouta bientôt à celle de la réclusion. Devenu semblable à un squelette, il ne cessa cependant de travailler en écrivant des traités moraux, un traité sur la Passion, et même de joyeuses satires.
L'intensité de sa prière conservait sa force d'âme: «Donne-moi Ta grâce, Dieu bon, pour que je compte pour rien le monde et fixe mon esprit sur Toi.» Il disait à sa chère fille Marguerite: «Si je sens la frayeur sur le point de me vaincre, je me rappellerai comment un souffle de vent faillit faire faire naufrage à Pierre parce que sa foi avait faibli. Je ferai donc comme lui, j'appellerai le Christ à mon secours.»
On accusa saint Thomas More de haute trahison parce qu'il niait la suprématie spirituelle du roi. Lorsque le simulacre de jugement qui le condamnait à être décapité fut terminé, le courageux confesseur de la foi n'eut que des paroles de réconfort pour tous ceux qui pleuraient sa mort imminente et injuste. A la foule des spectateurs, il demanda de prier pour lui et de porter témoignage qu'il mourait dans la foi et pour la foi de la Sainte Église catholique. Sir Kingston, connu pour son coeur impitoyable, lui fit ses adieux en sanglotant. Il récita pieusement le Miserere au pied de l'échafaud. Il demanda de l'aide pour monter sur l'échafaud: «Pour la descente, ajouta-t-il avec humour, je m'en tirerai bien tout seul.» Il embrassa son bourreau: «Courage, mon brave, n'aie pas peur, mais comme j'ai le cou très court, attention! il y va de ton honneur.» Il se banda les yeux et se plaça lui-même sur la planche.
Béatifié par Léon XIII le 29 décembre 1886, sa canonisation eut lieu le 19 mai 1935.
Tiré de: Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes, Vies des Saints, Edition 1932, p. 234-235 -- Marteau de Langle de Cary, 1959, tome II, p. 37-42

June 22 Saint Thomas More Martyr (1480-1535)Saint Thomas More, born in 1480, was the precocious and amiable son of an English magistrate. Very well educated and brilliant, when he was placed at the age of fifteen in the household of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he soon attracted the Archbishop's attention, and was sent by him to study at Oxford. He debated interiorly for a long time as to whether he should become a priest, but decided otherwise with the approbation of his director.
The practice of civil law was not enough to absorb all his time or energy. The author of the famous satire Utopia, wrote poetry while still young, in both English and Latin. He had completely mastered Latin, as he had also the Greek tongue, by an instinct of genius, as one of his preceptors said. Saint Thomas in 1505 married a virtuous and beloved wife who, after bearing four children, three daughters and a son, died six years later. His second wife, older than himself, took excellent care of the household and of the children; but it was said she could not grasp the sense of her husband's subtle humor, which was a characteristic trait of his cheerful disposition.
Saint Thomas came under suspicion by King Henry VII when he strove in the Parliament to reduce the burden of excessive taxes which the people bore, though he never spoke against the king. But his capacities were appreciated, and when Henry VII died, his 18-year-old son, who was to become Henry VIII in 1509, showed him great favor during the first twenty years of his reign. Saint Thomas was knighted in 1521, and was made Speaker of the House of Commons in 1523, High Steward of Cambridge University in 1525, and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the same year. Nonetheless, the king's protege foresaw what could easily happen to anyone who did not agree with his sovereign; he said to his son-in-law in 1525, If my head could win him a castle in France, it would not fail to go. In effect, when in 1530 the order was issued to the clergy to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church, insofar as the law of God would permit, Saint Thomas immediately resigned as Lord Chancellor.
His resignation was not accepted. Two years later, in May 1532, after he had lost the royal favor on several counts — his reticence concerning the king's divorce, his non-attendance at the king's illegal marriage, and his formal non-recognition of any future children of Henry and Anne Bolyn as rightful heirs to the throne — he was permitted to retire. The king, the apostate Archbishop Cranmer, and Anne Bolyn were all excommunicated in that year.
Saint Thomas lived in retirement from the age of 52, his revenues considerably diminished, and his health somewhat uncertain. When the king decided to require of the laity, as well as of the clergy, the oath supporting his alleged supremacy, he wanted to obtain first of all the signature of Thomas More, to make of him an example. The Saint declined to sign the oath and thereby brought upon himself a sentence of incarceration in the Tower of London, and a short time afterwards, of death. He was beheaded in 1535, after having said, with his ordinary humor, that he did not consider the severing of his head from his body as a circumstance that should produce any change in the disposition of his mind.
Saint Thomas while in retirement continued to write a number of religious treatises of great value, including an unfinished one on the Passion. He was beatified by Pope Leo XIII and canonized by Pius XI in 1935, with Cardinal John Fisher, who was martyred like himself in the same year and for the same reasons. That year was the 400th anniversary of their death.
The Catholic Encyclopedia, edited by C. G. Herbermann with numerous collaborators (Appleton Company: New York, 1908)